The purpose of this column is to discuss technology. However, technology does not exist in a vacuum - it must be used. The way that technology is used can have a far-reaching impact on how we do police work.

The Most Controversial Technology

We have talked about electronic control devices (ECDs) here before. We have discussed what makes them work, and how to deploy them tactically. We have even explored what to do when they fail to have the desired incapacitating effect. What we have not considered in this space is the theory, or as some would say, the ethics of ECD use.

Let's keep things simple and on-point. Here are some verifiable facts:

• ECDs are handheld battery powered devices - they are not nuclear powered.
• ECDs deliver short duration low current electrical pulses to the body when a satisfactory circuit is established.
• In order to incapacitate someone, that charge needs to create neuro-muscular incapacitation (NMI), rendering the subject incapable of resisting (at least while energy is delivered to the person's body).
• Other non-lethal tools and techniques that officers have, including impact weapons and aerosol sprays, use pain compliance to gain control.
• Pain compliance devices leave it up to the subject when, and if, to comply - in effect hurting them until they give up.
• If the subject isn't affected by the pain, or decides to fight anyway, then pain compliance tools don't give you control.

So, in order to force compliance from a resisting subject, you need something that takes the decision to submit away from the subject, and involuntarily incapacitates them until you can gain physical control. The only non-lethal tool that you have with which to force that compliance is your ECD.

Of course, the use of an ECD is painful, just like other use-of-force tools and techniques. The question is not whether or not you should hurt someone while gaining control, it's how much and how long should you hurt them.

Why Would You Hurt Someone More than You Have To?

When you're going to take someone into custody, they will either resist or they won't. If they resist, you will have to use some means to overcome that resistance. If the resistance is physical, you need to use physical means to overcome it. If they offer strong resistance, you'll need to use stronger control to overcome their resistance.